Lista de obras - Günter Reiter - Dominio Público Uruguay

A Generic Model for Growth and Morphogenesis of Polymer Crystals in Two Dimensions

A neutron reflectometer for the investigation of solid and liquid interfaces

A novel interferometric method for the study of the viscoelastic properties of ultra-thin polymer films determined from nanobubble inflation

artículo científico publicado en 2017

Accelerating Dewetting on Deformable Substrates by Adding a Liquid Underlayer

Aging of Thin Polymer Films Cast from a Near-Theta Solvent

artículo científico publicado en 2010

Anisotropic Charge Transport in Spherulitic Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films

Anisotropic Photophysical Properties of Highly Aligned Crystalline Structures of a Bulky Substituted Poly(thiophene)

Anisotropic charge transport in large single crystals of π-conjugated organic molecules

artículo científico publicado en 2014

Annealing-induced periodic patterns in solution grown polymer single crystals

scholarly article in RSC Advances, vol. 5 no. 17, 2015

Application of the 15N nuclear reaction technique for hydrogen analysis in polymer thin films

Are changes in morphology clear indicators for the glass transition in thin polymer films? Tentative ideas

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

artículo científico publicado en 2016

Auto-Optimization of Dewetting Rates by Rim Instabilities in Slipping Polymer Films

artículo científico publicado en 2001

Bilayer formation in thin films of a binary solution

Biocide squirting from an elastomeric tri-layer film

artículo científico publicado en 2004

Blocking of injected holes at the charge extracting interface.

artículo científico publicado en 2016

Branched Substituents Generate Improved Supramolecular Ordering in Physisorbed Molecular Assemblies

Cellulose nanocrystals' production in near theoretical yields by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim]HSO4)-mediated hydrolysis.

artículo científico publicado en 2014

Chances and challenges in Europe

article published in 2003

Charge transport in nanoparticle chains influenced by stabilizer molecules

Cloning polymer single crystals through self-seeding

article by Jianjun Xu et al published 15 March 2009 in Nature Materials

Competition of crystal nucleation to fabricate the oriented semi-crystalline polymers

article

Consequences of Varying Adsorption Strength and Adding Steric Hindrance on Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Polymers on Carbon Substrates

article

Consequences of a Single Double Bond within a Side Group on the Ordering of Supramolecular Polymers

Controllable Processes for Generating Large Single Crystals of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

article

Controllable Processes for Generating Large Single Crystals of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

scholarly article by Khosrow Rahimi et al published 28 September 2012 in Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Controlling Nucleation in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Langmuir Poly(l-lactide) Films through Variation of the Rate of Compression

artículo científico publicado en 2019

Controlling Polymer Crystallization Kinetics by Sample History

Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation

scientific article published on 01 April 2019

Cooperative Rearrangements Leading to Long Range Order in Monolayers of Supramolecular Polymers

artículo científico publicado en 2007

Correlating polymer crystals via self-induced nucleation.

artículo científico publicado en 2014

Covalent Functionalization by Cycloaddition Reactions of Pristine Defect-Free Graphene

artículo científico publicado en 2016

Crystal growth rates of diblock copolymers in thin films: Influence of film thickness

Crystal nucleation enhanced at the diffuse interface of immiscible polymer blends

artículo científico publicado en 2008

Crystallization in diblock copolymer thin films at different degrees of supercooling

scientific article published on 21 April 2009

Crystallization in ultra-thin polymer films

Crystallization of Adsorbed Polymer Monolayers

artículo científico publicado en 1998

Crystallization of Poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate) in Thin Film Solutions: Structure and Pattern Formation

Crystallization of Polymers in Thin Films: Model Experiments

Crystallization of block copolymers in restricted cylindrical geometries

Deformation of a Glassy Polymer Film by Long-Range Intermolecular Forces

Deriving Molecular Parameters of Interfaces Between Chemically Identical Polymers from Macroscopically Observed Phenomena

article

Dewetting as a Probe of Polymer Mobility in Thin Films

article

Dewetting as an investigative tool for studying properties of thin polymer films

Dewetting near the glass transition: transition from a capillary force dominated to a dissipation dominated regime.

artículo científico publicado en 2003

Dewetting of Highly Elastic Thin Polymer Films

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Dewetting of thin polymer films

artículo científico publicado en 1992

Dewetting of thin polymer films at temperatures close to the glass transition.

artículo científico publicado en 2003

Different surface sensing of the cell body and nucleus in healthy primary cells and in a cancerous cell line on nanogrooves.

artículo científico publicado en 2015

Direct Visualization of Random Crystallization and Melting in Arrays of Nanometer-Size Polymer Crystals

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Directing nuclear deformation on micropillared surfaces by substrate geometry and cytoskeleton organization.

artículo científico publicado en 2013

Disentanglement Time of Polymers Determines the Onset of Rim Instabilities in Dewetting

artículo científico publicado en 2006

Editorial on “Focus Point”: Unstable Thin Films

Effect of Shear Stress on Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene from a Structured Melt

article

Elastomer polymer brushes on flat surface by bimolecular surface-initiated nitroxide mediated polymerization

article by Julien Parvole et al published February 2006 in Polymer

Energy transport and light propagation mechanisms in organic single crystals

artículo científico publicado en 2020

Enhanced Instability in Thin Liquid Films by Improved Compatibility

artículo científico publicado en 2000

Enhancing nucleation and controlling crystal orientation by rubbing/scratching the surface of a thin polymer film.

artículo científico publicado en 2009

Evolution of Multilevel Order in Supramolecular Assemblies

artículo científico publicado en 2005

Evolution of Rim Instabilities in the Dewetting of Slipping Thin Polymer Films

Flow-Induced Dendritic β-Form Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals in Thin Films

Formation of Periodically Modulated Polymer Crystals

Formation of low-dimensional close-packed arrays of nanoparticles in a dewetting water layer

artículo científico publicado en 2007

Formation of silver islands on Langmuir-Blodgett films as investigated by x-ray reflectometry

artículo científico publicado en 1992

Friction Induced by Grafted Polymeric Chains

From Holes to Drops to Toroids: Conditions for the Transcription of Surface Patterns into Three-Dimensional Morphologies via Rim Instabilities in the Course of Dewetting

From Static to Kinetic Friction in Confined Liquid Films

scientific article published in Science

Functional Macromolecular Systems: Kinetic Pathways to Obtain Tailored Structures

Generating Long Supramolecular Pathways with a Continuous Density of States by Physically Linking Conjugated Molecules via Their End Groups

artículo científico publicado en 2013

Generating Nanoscopic Patterns in Conductivity within a Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystal via Bias-Controlled Scanning Probe Nanolithography

article

Growth Kinetics of Stacks of Lamellar Polymer Crystals

High-Temperature Stability of Dewetting-Induced Thin Polyethylene Filaments

History Dependent Temporal Changes of Properties of Thin Polymer Films

article

How Chain-Folding Crystal Growth Determines the Thermodynamic Stability of Polymer Crystals

artículo científico publicado en 2015

How Molecules with Dipole Moments Enhance the Selectivity of Electrodes in Organic Solar Cells - A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Influence of Substrate Properties on the Dewetting Dynamics of Viscoelastic Polymer Films

article

Influence of progressive cross-linking on dewetting of polystyrene thin films

artículo científico publicado en 2008

Instabilities of Thin Polymer Films on Layers of Chemically Identical Grafted Molecules

Instability and droplet formation in evaporating thin films of a binary solution

artículo científico publicado en 2005

Instability of Thin Polymer Films on Coated Substrates: Rupture, Dewetting, and Drop Formation

Intrinsic Stresses in Thin Glassy Polymer Films Revealed by Crack Formation

article

Introduction

Investigation of the interdiffusion between poly(methyl methacrylate) films by marker movement

Kinetics of Autophobic Dewetting of Polymer Films

article published in 2000

Lamellar Crystal Orientations Biased by Crystallization Kinetics in Polymer Thin Films

article

Light absorption of poly(3-hexylthiophene) single crystals

article

Linear and star-shaped POSS hybrid materials containing crystalline isotactic polystyrene chains

Liquidlike Morphological Transformations in Monolamellar Polymer Crystals

artículo científico publicado en 2001

Low loss optical waveguiding in large single crystals of a thiophene-based oligomer.

artículo científico publicado en 2017

Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2/2015

Massive enhancement of photoluminescence through nanofilm dewetting

artículo científico publicado en 2013

Microstructured Surfaces Cause Severe but Non-Detrimental Deformation of the Cell Nucleus

article published in 2009

Molecular-weight-dependent changes in morphology of solution-grown polyethylene single crystals

artículo científico publicado en 2014

Morphogenesis and Nonequilibrium Pattern Formation in two-dimensional Polymer Crystallization

Morphological Changes of Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals Grown in Thin Films

Morphological Phase Transitions in Spontaneous Dewetting of Thin Films on Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Surfaces

Morphological changes during annealing of polyethylene nanocrystals

Morphological instabilities of polymer crystals

artículo científico publicado en 2008

Morphologies of Polymer Crystals in Thin Films

Morphologies of diblock copolymer thin films before and after crystallization

Morphology of an asymmetric ethyleneoxide–butadiene di-block copolymer in bulk and thin films

Multi-curvature liquid meniscus in a nanochannel: evidence of interplay between intermolecular and surface forces

artículo científico publicado en 2009

Multiple Structural Transitions in Langmuir Monolayers of Charged Soft-Shell Nanoparticles

scientific article published on 20 March 2018

Nanometer-Scale Surface Patterns with Long-Range Order Created by Crystallization of Diblock Copolymers

artículo científico publicado en 1999

Nanoparticle ring formation in evaporating micron-size droplets

NegativeExcess Interfacial Entropy between Free and End-Grafted Chemically Identical Polymers

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Nickel Catalyst with a Hybrid P, N Ligand for Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polycondensation of Sterically Hindered Thiophenes

scholarly article by Daniel Schiefer et al published 12 June 2014 in ACS Macro Letters

Nonequilibrium behavior of thin polymer films

Oligonucleotide nanostructured surfaces: effect on Escherichia coli curli expression

artículo científico publicado en 2008

On the mechanics of rim instabilities in viscoelastic polymer thin films

Outlook and Open Questions: A Personal View

Poly(3-(2,5-dioctylphenyl)thiophene) Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation: End Groups, Defects, and Crystallinity

Polymer crystallization in quasi-two dimensions. I. Experimental results

Polymer crystallization in quasi-two dimensions. II. Kinetic models and computer simulations

article

Polymer crystallization on pre-patterned substrates

Polymer crystallization under nano-confinement of droplets studied by molecular simulations

article

Positron lifetime investigations on linear polyethylene compared to branched polyethylene

Possible origin of thickness-dependent deviations from bulk properties of thin polymer films

article

Probing Properties of Polymers in Thin Films Via Dewetting

Processes of Ordered Structure Formation in Polypeptide Thin Film Solutions

Real-Time Determination of the Slippage Length in Autophobic Polymer Dewetting

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Relaxation of Residual Stress and Reentanglement of Polymers in Spin-Coated Films

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Relaxing nonequilibrated polymers in thin films at temperatures slightly above the glass transition

article published in 2017

Reply: Discussion of problems of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of polymers

Residual stresses in thin polymer films cause rupture and dominate early stages of dewetting

artículo científico publicado en 2005

Revealing Order and Disorder in Films and Single Crystals of a Thiophene-Based Oligomer by Optical Spectroscopy

article

Reversible Nucleation, Growth, and Dissolution of Poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate) Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystals by Addition and Removal of a Nonsolvent

article

Reversibly Slowing Dewetting of Conjugated Polymers by Light

Segmental Relaxations have Macroscopic Consequences in Glassy Polymer Films

scientific article published in Physical Review Letters

Self-Assembly of CoPt3Nanoparticle Rings Based on Phase-Separated Hexadecylamine Droplet Structure

article

Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Ring Patterns

Self-Diffusion of "Hairy Rod" Molecules in Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn Multilayers Probed with Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry

article

Self-assembled nanoparticle deposits formed at the contact line of evaporating micrometer-size droplets

artículo científico publicado en 2004

Self-assembled patterns from evaporating layered fluids

artículo científico publicado en 2009

Self-assembled treelike patterns from an evaporating binary solution

Self-assembly behavior of a rod-like polypeptide at the air-water interface

article

Semicrystalline Long-Chain Polyphosphoesters from Polyesterification

Severe Deformations of Malignant Bone and Skin Cells, as well as Aged Cells, on Micropatterned Surfaces

Signatures of Melting and Recrystallization of a Bulky Substituted Poly(thiophene) Identified by Optical Spectroscopy

Simulation of secondary nucleation of polymer crystallization via a model of microscopic kinetics

article published in 2015

Solvent-controlled reversible switching between adsorbed self-assembled nanoribbons and nanotubes

artículo científico publicado en 2017

Some relevant parameters affecting the glass transition of supported ultra-thin polymer films.

artículo científico publicado en 2002

Some unique features of polymer crystallisation

Special issue on properties of thin polymer films

artículo científico publicado en 2002

Spin-cast, thin, glassy polymer films: Highly metastable forms of matter

Spreading of Liquids on Substrates

Stabilization of Nuclei of Lamellar Polymer Crystals: Insights from a Comparison of the Hoffman–Weeks Line with the Crystallization Line

Stable Dispersions of Highly Anisotropic Nanoparticles Formed by Cocrystallization of Enantiomeric Diblock Copolymers

article published in 2007

Stick to slip transition and adhesion of lubricated surfaces in moving contact

article published in 1994

Structure Formation in Langmuir Peptide Films As Revealed from Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations

artículo científico publicado en 2017

Structure Formation of Polystyrene-block-poly(γ-benzyll-glutamate) in Thin Films

Structure and Dynamics of Structure Formation in Model Triarm Star Block Copolymers of Polystyrene, Poly(ethylene oxide), and Poly(ε-caprolactone)

article

Structuring the Surface of Crystallizable Polymers with an AFM Tip

Summary and conclusions: Progress in our understanding of instabilities in thin films

Surface-induced breakout crystallization in cylinder-forming P(I-b-EO) diblock copolymer thin films

artículo científico publicado en 2011

Swelling with a Near-Θ Solvent as a Means to Modify the Properties of Polymer Thin Films

article published in 2012

Switching Layer Stability in a Polymer Bilayer by Thickness Variation

artículo científico publicado en 2007

Systematic Control of Nucleation Density in Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films

article

Systematic Control of Self-Seeding Crystallization Patterns of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Thin Films

THIN-FILM PATTERN FORMATION:The Artistic Side of Intermolecular Forces

TOREMA — A neutron reflectometer at Jülich

The Effect of Adhesion on the Rheological and Frictional Behavior of a Confined Lubricant Film

The Formation of Ordered Polymer Structures at Interfaces: A Few Intriguing Aspects

The Solid-Like State of a Confined Liquid Lubricant: Deformation and Time Effects

The Strength of Long-Range Forces across Thin Liquid Films

The crucial role of cadmium acetate-induced conformational restriction in microscopic structure and stability of polystyrene-block-polyvinyl pyridine thin films

The influence of protic non-solvents present in the environment on structure formation of poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) in organic solvents

artículo científico publicado en 2008

The memorizing capacity of polymers

scientific article published on 01 April 2020

The use of X-ray and neutron reflectometry for the investigation of polymeric thin films

Thermodynamic Origin of Multilayer Structures in Langmuir Polymer Films

artículo científico publicado en 2017

Thermodynamics of Formation, Reorganization, and Melting of Confined Nanometer-Sized Polymer Crystals

Thin Film Instability Induced by Long-Range Forces

Thin Film Morphology in Triblock Terpolymers with One and Two Crystallizable Blocks

Time Allowed for Equilibration Quantifies the Preparation Induced Nonequilibrium Behavior of Polymer Films

Time regimes in polymer interdiffusion determined by marker movement

article

Topographically induced self-deformation of the nuclei of cells: dependence on cell type and proposed mechanisms

artículo científico publicado en 2009

Toughening plastics by crack growth inhibition through unidirectionally deformed soft inclusions

Transient Cooperative Processes in Dewetting Polymer Melts

artículo científico publicado en 2016

Treelike branched structures formed in dewetting thin films of a binary solution

Triple-Shape Memory Materials via Thermoresponsive Behavior of Nanocrystalline Non-Isocyanate Polyhydroxyurethanes

Tuning Morphologies of Langmuir Polymer Films Through Controlled Relaxations of Non-Equilibrium States

Tunneling of charge carriers across a gold–squaraine interface

Tunneling spectroscopy measurements on hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers

Understanding crystal orientation in quasi-one-dimensional polymer systems

article

Unstable thin polymer films: rupture and dewetting processes

Variation of the contact resistance with electric current for gold electrodes on a squaraine single crystal

Viscoelastic Thin Polymer Films under Transient Residual Stresses: Two-Stage Dewetting on Soft Substrates

artículo científico publicado en 2008

Viscoelastic dewetting of constrained polymer thin films

article by Sylvain Gabriele et al published 2006 in Journal of Polymer Science Part B

When hole extraction determines charge transfer across metal-organic-metal structure

X-ray and neutron reflectometry for the investigation of polymer diffusion

scholarly article by Günter Reiter et al published 1991 in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

X-ray reflectometer for study of polymer thin films and interfaces

article published in 1990

Lista de obras de Günter Reiter

A Generic Model for Growth and Morphogenesis of Polymer Crystals in Two Dimensions

A neutron reflectometer for the investigation of solid and liquid interfaces

A novel interferometric method for the study of the viscoelastic properties of ultra-thin polymer films determined from nanobubble inflation

Accelerating Dewetting on Deformable Substrates by Adding a Liquid Underlayer

Aging of Thin Polymer Films Cast from a Near-Theta Solvent

Anisotropic Charge Transport in Spherulitic Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films

Anisotropic Photophysical Properties of Highly Aligned Crystalline Structures of a Bulky Substituted Poly(thiophene)

Anisotropic charge transport in large single crystals of π-conjugated organic molecules

Annealing-induced periodic patterns in solution grown polymer single crystals

Application of the 15N nuclear reaction technique for hydrogen analysis in polymer thin films

Are changes in morphology clear indicators for the glass transition in thin polymer films? Tentative ideas

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

Auto-Optimization of Dewetting Rates by Rim Instabilities in Slipping Polymer Films

Bilayer formation in thin films of a binary solution

Biocide squirting from an elastomeric tri-layer film

Blocking of injected holes at the charge extracting interface.

Branched Substituents Generate Improved Supramolecular Ordering in Physisorbed Molecular Assemblies

Cellulose nanocrystals' production in near theoretical yields by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim]HSO4)-mediated hydrolysis.

Chances and challenges in Europe

Charge transport in nanoparticle chains influenced by stabilizer molecules

Cloning polymer single crystals through self-seeding

Competition of crystal nucleation to fabricate the oriented semi-crystalline polymers

Consequences of Varying Adsorption Strength and Adding Steric Hindrance on Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Polymers on Carbon Substrates

Consequences of a Single Double Bond within a Side Group on the Ordering of Supramolecular Polymers

Controllable Processes for Generating Large Single Crystals of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Controllable Processes for Generating Large Single Crystals of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Controlling Nucleation in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Langmuir Poly(l-lactide) Films through Variation of the Rate of Compression

Controlling Polymer Crystallization Kinetics by Sample History

Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation

Cooperative Rearrangements Leading to Long Range Order in Monolayers of Supramolecular Polymers

Correlating polymer crystals via self-induced nucleation.

Covalent Functionalization by Cycloaddition Reactions of Pristine Defect-Free Graphene

Crystal growth rates of diblock copolymers in thin films: Influence of film thickness

Crystal nucleation enhanced at the diffuse interface of immiscible polymer blends

Crystallization in diblock copolymer thin films at different degrees of supercooling

Crystallization in ultra-thin polymer films

Crystallization of Adsorbed Polymer Monolayers

Crystallization of Poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate) in Thin Film Solutions: Structure and Pattern Formation

Crystallization of Polymers in Thin Films: Model Experiments

Crystallization of block copolymers in restricted cylindrical geometries

Deformation of a Glassy Polymer Film by Long-Range Intermolecular Forces

Deriving Molecular Parameters of Interfaces Between Chemically Identical Polymers from Macroscopically Observed Phenomena

Dewetting as a Probe of Polymer Mobility in Thin Films

Dewetting as an investigative tool for studying properties of thin polymer films

Dewetting near the glass transition: transition from a capillary force dominated to a dissipation dominated regime.

Dewetting of Highly Elastic Thin Polymer Films

Dewetting of thin polymer films

Dewetting of thin polymer films at temperatures close to the glass transition.

Different surface sensing of the cell body and nucleus in healthy primary cells and in a cancerous cell line on nanogrooves.

Direct Visualization of Random Crystallization and Melting in Arrays of Nanometer-Size Polymer Crystals

Directing nuclear deformation on micropillared surfaces by substrate geometry and cytoskeleton organization.

Disentanglement Time of Polymers Determines the Onset of Rim Instabilities in Dewetting

Editorial on “Focus Point”: Unstable Thin Films

Effect of Shear Stress on Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene from a Structured Melt

Elastomer polymer brushes on flat surface by bimolecular surface-initiated nitroxide mediated polymerization

Energy transport and light propagation mechanisms in organic single crystals

Enhanced Instability in Thin Liquid Films by Improved Compatibility

Enhancing nucleation and controlling crystal orientation by rubbing/scratching the surface of a thin polymer film.

Evolution of Multilevel Order in Supramolecular Assemblies

Evolution of Rim Instabilities in the Dewetting of Slipping Thin Polymer Films

Flow-Induced Dendritic β-Form Isotactic Polypropylene Crystals in Thin Films

Formation of Periodically Modulated Polymer Crystals

Formation of low-dimensional close-packed arrays of nanoparticles in a dewetting water layer

Formation of silver islands on Langmuir-Blodgett films as investigated by x-ray reflectometry

Friction Induced by Grafted Polymeric Chains

From Holes to Drops to Toroids: Conditions for the Transcription of Surface Patterns into Three-Dimensional Morphologies via Rim Instabilities in the Course of Dewetting

From Static to Kinetic Friction in Confined Liquid Films

Functional Macromolecular Systems: Kinetic Pathways to Obtain Tailored Structures

Generating Long Supramolecular Pathways with a Continuous Density of States by Physically Linking Conjugated Molecules via Their End Groups

Generating Nanoscopic Patterns in Conductivity within a Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystal via Bias-Controlled Scanning Probe Nanolithography

Growth Kinetics of Stacks of Lamellar Polymer Crystals

High-Temperature Stability of Dewetting-Induced Thin Polyethylene Filaments

History Dependent Temporal Changes of Properties of Thin Polymer Films

How Chain-Folding Crystal Growth Determines the Thermodynamic Stability of Polymer Crystals

How Molecules with Dipole Moments Enhance the Selectivity of Electrodes in Organic Solar Cells - A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Influence of Substrate Properties on the Dewetting Dynamics of Viscoelastic Polymer Films

Influence of progressive cross-linking on dewetting of polystyrene thin films

Instabilities of Thin Polymer Films on Layers of Chemically Identical Grafted Molecules

Instability and droplet formation in evaporating thin films of a binary solution